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          经济学的十大原理
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        <h4 id="一、人们如何做出决策"><a href="#一、人们如何做出决策" class="headerlink" title="一、人们如何做出决策"></a>一、人们如何做出决策</h4><h5 id="1-1-人们面临权衡取舍"><a href="#1-1-人们面临权衡取舍" class="headerlink" title="1.1 人们面临权衡取舍"></a>1.1 人们面临权衡取舍</h5><p>选择一样东西就意味着你要放弃另外一样东西。认识到生活中的权衡是重要的，因为人们只有了解他们可以得到的选择，才能作出良好的决策。</p>
<h5 id="1-2-某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西"><a href="#1-2-某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西" class="headerlink" title="1.2 某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西"></a>1.2 某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西</h5><p>一种东西的机会成本是为了得到这种东西所放弃的东西</p>
<h5 id="1-3-理性人考虑边际量"><a href="#1-3-理性人考虑边际量" class="headerlink" title="1.3 理性人考虑边际量"></a>1.3 理性人考虑边际量</h5><p>生活中的许多决策涉及到对现有行动计划进行微小的增量调整。 经济学家把这些调整称为边际变动。<br>个人和企业通过考虑边际量将会作出更好的决策。只有一种行动的边际收益大于边际成本，一个理性决策者才 会采取这项行动。</p>
<h5 id="1-4-人们会对激励作出反应"><a href="#1-4-人们会对激励作出反应" class="headerlink" title="1.4 人们会对激励作出反应"></a>1.4 人们会对激励作出反应</h5><ul>
<li>由于理性人通过比较成本与收益🉐做出决策，所以他们会对激励做出反应。</li>
<li>在分析任何一种政策时，不仅应该考虑直接影响，而且还应该考 虑激励发生作用的间接影响。</li>
<li>如果政策改变了激励，它就将使人们改 变自己的行为。</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="二、人们如何相互影响"><a href="#二、人们如何相互影响" class="headerlink" title="二、人们如何相互影响"></a>二、人们如何相互影响</h4><h5 id="2-1-贸易能使每个人的状况变得更好"><a href="#2-1-贸易能使每个人的状况变得更好" class="headerlink" title="2.1 贸易能使每个人的状况变得更好"></a>2.1 贸易能使每个人的状况变得更好</h5><p>贸易使各国可以专 门从事自己最擅长活动，并享有很多的各种各样物品与劳务</p>
<h5 id="2-2-市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法"><a href="#2-2-市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法" class="headerlink" title="2.2 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法"></a>2.2 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法</h5><ul>
<li>在市场经济中，中央计划者的决策被千百万企业和家庭的决策所取代。</li>
<li>价格和利己引导人们决策</li>
<li>价格就是看不见的手用来指引经济活动的工具</li>
<li>当政府阻止价格根据供求状况自发调整时，他就限制了看不见的手🤚对组成经济的千百万家庭👪和企业的决策进行协调的能力</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="2-3-政府有时可以改善市场结果"><a href="#2-3-政府有时可以改善市场结果" class="headerlink" title="2.3 政府有时可以改善市场结果"></a>2.3 政府有时可以改善市场结果</h5><ul>
<li>只有在政府实施规则并维护对市场经济至关重要的制度时，看不见的手才能施展其魔力。</li>
<li>看不见的手🤚是强有力的，但并不是无所不能的。政府干预经济的原因有两类：促进效率和促进平等。</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="三、整体经济如何运行"><a href="#三、整体经济如何运行" class="headerlink" title="三、整体经济如何运行"></a>三、整体经济如何运行</h4><h5 id="3-1-一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与服务的能力"><a href="#3-1-一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与服务的能力" class="headerlink" title="3.1 一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与服务的能力"></a>3.1 一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与服务的能力</h5><p>生产率：每单位劳动投入所生产的物品与服务数量。</p>
<h5 id="3-2-当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升"><a href="#3-2-当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升" class="headerlink" title="3.2 当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升"></a>3.2 当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升</h5><h5 id="3-3-社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍"><a href="#3-3-社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍" class="headerlink" title="3.3 社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍"></a>3.3 社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍</h5><ul>
<li>货币的增加刺激社会的整体支出水平，从而增加对物品与服务的需求</li>
<li>需求的增加随着时间的推移，会引起企业提高物价，同时它也鼓励企业雇佣更多的工人👷，并生产更多的物品与服务</li>
<li>雇佣更多的工人👷意味着更少的失业。</li>
</ul>

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